preface xiii
acknowledgements xv
1 introduction to the operating system
1.1 os functions
1.1.1 os acts as a user/computer interface
1.1.2 interaction with os
1.1.3 operating system commands
1.1.4 operating system as efficient resource manager
1.1.5 os upgrading
1.1.6 operating system security and protection
1.2 evolution of operating system
1.2.1 serial processing
1.2.2 batch processing
1.2.3 multiprogramming or simple concurrent processing
1.2.4 resource management
1.2.5 operating system structure
1.2.6 future operating system trends
summary
exercises
2 os prerequisites
2.1 important software resources to be managed by os
2.2 interaction with os in mainframe systems (interrupts ingeneral)
2.2.1 the program status word
2.2.2 different fields of psw
2.2.3 controlling i/o
2.2.4 the interrupt concept
2.2.5 interrupt priority
2.2.6 what other manufacturers (other than ibm) do?
2.2.7 interrupt cycle
2.2.8 differences between subroutine call and interruptscheme
2.3 example from pc environment and related discussion
2.3.1 different ways to control pc hardware
2.3.2 accessing the bios and dos
2.4 current ‘state-of-the-art’ scenario in os design
2.5 fundamental concepts related to ipc
2.5.1 message queues
2.5.2 semaphores
2.5.3 shared memory
summary
exercises
3 concurrent processing
3.1 introduction to concurrent processing
3.2 process concept
3.3 introduction to process control block
3.4 interaction of user’s process with the system
3.4.1 exec sys
3.5 introduction to concurrent program
3.6 distinction between a procedure call and a processcreation
3.7 introduction to process environment
3.7.1 introduction to process id
3.7.2 shells or command interpreter
3.8 process state transitions
3.9 difference between user, daemon and kernel processes
3.10 interprocess communication
3.1.01 file and record locking
3.10.2 simple pipes and named pipes
3.10.3 pipes and sockets
3.11 hierarchy of processes
3.1.11 process creation
3.1.12 processes and threads
summary
exercises
4 scheduling
4.1 cpu scheduling algorithms
4.1.1 allocation of different resources
4.1.2 scheduling queues
4.1.3 different scheduling algorithms
4.1.4 algorithm evaluation
summary
exercises
5 discussion on concurrency control
5.1 bernstein’s concurrency conditions
5.1.1 fork and join construct
5.1.2 alternative to fork-join
5.2 process states and precedence graphs
5.3 dijkstra’s concurrent statement in the form of fork and joinconstructs
5.4 the critical section problem
5.4.1 bounded buffer producerconsumer problem
5.4.2 critical section problem description and their solution
5.5 hardware solution to the critical section problem
5.6 new synchronization tool—semaphore
5.6.1 usage of semaphores
5.7 classical process coordination problems
5.7.1 bounded buffer problem
5.7.2 the reader’s and writer’s problem
5.7.3 dining philosophers’ problem
5.7.4 sleeping barber problem
5.7.5 cigarette smoker’s problem
5.8 language constructs for synchronization andmodularization
5.8.1 critical regions
5.8.2 conditional critical region
5.8.3 monitor construct
summary
exercises
6 deadlock
6.1 introduction
6.2 definition of deadlock
6.3 deadlock and starvation
6.4 resource allocation graph
6.5 ways to solve deadlock problem
6.5.1 tackling deadlock using deadlock prevention
6.5.2 deadlock avoidance
6.5.3 deadlock detection
6.5.4 difference between deadlock detection algorithm (multipleinstances of each resource type) and safety algorithm
6.5.5 solution of deadlock under different scenarios
summary
exercises
7 main memory management
7.1 introduction
7.2 memory management schemes
7.3 partitioned allocation
7.4 logical vs physical address space
7.4.1 address binding
7.4.2 address translation
7.5 simple paging
7.6 the role of the long-term scheduler
7.6.1 problem assignment
7.7 implementation of the page table
7.8 multiple process using a text editor code
7.9 simple segmentation
7.10 details of segmentation
7.11 combined system
7.1.11 combination used in ge645 multics system
7.12 inner details of segmentation and paging for intelsystems
summary
exercises
8 virtual memory technique
8.1 introduction
8.2 overlays technique
8.3 virtual memory
8.3.1 virtual memory concept
8.4 demand paging
8.4.1 performance of demand paging
8.5 page replacement algorithm
8.5.1 fifo (simplest page replacement algorithm is first in firstout)
8.5.2 optimal replacement
8.5.3 least recently used (lru) algorithm
8.5.4 second chance replacement (with the help of referencebit)
8.5.5 ad hoc page replacement algorithms
8.6 free frame allocation algorithm
8.6.1 equal allocation
8.6.2 proportional allocation (according to their needs rather thanequal)
8.7 thrashing
8.8 working set
8.8.1 prepaging
8.8.2 i/o interlock
8.8.3 page size anomaly
8.9 program structure
summary
exercises
9 spooler and disk scheduling
9.1 introduction to the design of a spooling system
9.2 relationship between spooling and job scheduling
9.2.1 a printer spooler
9.3 device management
9.4 physical characteristics of disks
9.4.1 disks
9.5 fcfs disk scheduling
9.6 searching an item in the disk with indexed sequential filedirectory
9.6.1 shortest seek time first (sstf)
summary
exercises
10 file system architecture
10.1 overview
10.2 initial notions
10.2.1 files
10.2.2 directories
10.2.3 different types of directories under the unix system
10.2.4 the directory and file naming conventions
10.2.5 difference between com and exe program
10.2.6 abbreviations for path names
10.2.7 paths are used
10.3 attributes of unix files (for the beginners)
10.3.1 the file owner and the group
10.3.2 access permissions
10.3.3 creating a file
10.3.4 removing files
10.3.5 maintaining files
10.4 file system and their type
10.4.1 evolution of file system over the years
10.5 introduction of ext2 fs
10.5.1 the view of inodes from the point of view of a blocksgroup
10.5.2 the allocated blocks
10.5.3 user and group id
10.6 virtual file system (vfs)
10.6.1 the linux virtual file system layer
10.6.2 registration procedures of vfs
10.6.3 registering the file systems in kernel
10.7 program designs
appendix
end notes
summary
exercises
11 device driver for operating system
11.1 introduction
11.2 initial notions for the design
11.3 interfacing device drivers with the kernel
11.3.1 character devices
11.3.2 block devices
11.3.3 network device
11.4 theory to practice
summary
exercises
12 linux kernel and security
12.1 introduction
12.2 basics notions
12.2.1 what are lkms
12.2.2 what are system calls
12.2.3 what is kernel symbol table
12.2.4 how to transform kernel to user space memory
12.2.5 ways to use user space like functions
12.2.6 list of daily needed kernel space functions
12.2.7 what is kernel daemon
12.2.8 creating your own devices
12.3 experiments with linux system calls
12.3.1 how to intercept syscalls
12.3.2 interesting system calls to intercept
12.3.3 file system-related hacks
12.3.4 process-related hacks
12.3.5 network (socket)-related hacks
12.3.6 virus writing with lkms
12.4 directives to the system administrators for securedsystem
12.4.1 theory and ideas on lkm detector
12.5 the last word on the ‘lkm story’
summary
exercises
13 role of os towards low power design
13.1 low power design from various angles
13.2 power management in embedded linux platform
13.2.1 dynamic power management
13.2.2 main generic points in the low power design
13.2.3 d-bus interface
13.2.4 hotplug mechanism
summary
exercises
bibliography
index
